There is a dichotomy that exists in my family history which upon first observation would lend some to think, how did we ever arrive at this place we are now, when different branches of the same family had such different beliefs, politics and reasons for doing what they did in their lives? The fact that many of my ancestors fought in the American Revolution on both sides, Patriot and Tory, is proof of this strange dichotomy. The fact that I'm even here to write this bewilders me when I think about the circumstances that my ancestors found themselves in and the decisions they made to move themselves from one situation to the next. The decisions they made brought about the situations which conspired to produce the history I now write about and today I have a story that is no less profound in that aspect.
The mystery of my direct ancestor John Frederick Dubbert(Johann Friedrich Dauber) who supported the British throughout the American Revolution from the mid 1770s until his untimely death in the year before the revolution ended confounded me for years. It took correspondence with many people, travel to old forgotten churches deep in the heartland of South Carolina, visits to desolate graveyards long forgotten from public view in the midlands of South Carolina and I also made many trips to the state archives in Columbia, SC, quite a few trips to the South Carolina Historical Society in Charleston SC and lots of current internet research to dig deep and find proof of the complete history of the life of my 5th Great-Grandfather the Reverend John Frederick Dubbert.
My descendancy from Dubbert runs through my maternal Grandfather Russell Johnson, and his father John Henry Johnson (my Great-Grandfather) and John's mother Elizabeth Campbell Johnson(My Great-Great Grandmother) who if they were alive today and knew what I now know of the Reverend's life, would be fascinated.
It is a story that has taken me some 30 years through research to completely unfold. My line to the Reverend runs thru my Great-Great Grandmother Elizabeth Campbell who married James Ryley Johnson in Chesterfield County South Carolina in the 1860s. Elizabeth was named after her grandmother Elizabeth Dubbert Scroter(Streeter). So any direct descendants of James Ryley & Elizabeth Campbell Johnson reading this, are also direct descendants of Reverend John Frederick Dubbert.
Dubbert's history had eluded me most of the 1990s but then when the internet advanced rapidly in the late 1990s I was able to connect with others who were digging into their past like I was. One researcher who I felt a kindred sense of spirit with was my cousin Robert Webb of Texas. Like myself Robert is a direct descendant of John Frederick Dubbert and he's descended from the same line of Campbells, Sullivans, Dembys, Streeters(Schroter) and Dubberts as I am and we both worked diligently on digging up history on our ancestors from Chesterfield, Fairfield, Richland, Kershaw, Lancaster,and other counties of South Carolina. Robert had the forethought to take many pictures back in the 1980s in some of the graveyards of Chesterfield County SC where our ancestors (and descendants of John Dubbert) were buried and today as I write in 2020 most of those graveyards have no legible stones. For Robert's work I'm thankful, because he was able to document where some of our ancestors who were also direct descendants of Dubbert are buried. One of those is the Granddaughter of John Frederick Dubbert, Charlotte Felista Streeter(Scroter) Campbell. As far as I know Robert Webb was the only one to have a picture of Charlotte's grave. He snapped this photo back in the 80s in Chesterfield County South Carolina. The graveyard it's in is completely grown over now and no legible stones remain as of 2020. This original photo from Robert Webb was taken in 1985 at the Old Munn Cemetery across from Rhode Branch Church, east of Jefferson, Chesterfield County The only tombstone remaining in the old Munn Cemetery as of the mid-80s. Robert returned there in May of 2015 and found no stones at all, but the ground was covered in pine needles, so it may still be there, perhaps lying flat on the ground.
Pictures taken in 1985 by my cousin Robert Webb-above is the grave of Charlotte Streeter(Scroter)Campbell
This cemetery is across the road from Rhode Branch Church, Chesterfield County
View of the remnants of the old Munn Cemetery. The stone in the foreground had no markings on it. The tombstone on the right was F. C. Campbell (Felestia Charlotte Schroter Campbell, wife of Alexander Campbell.) Her sister Elizabeth was Angus Munn's first wife and they are buried in this cemetery. Angus' brother William was likely buried here, as was Tarlor Sutton and probably others.
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Starting in the early 2000s, I was also able to connect with other researchers and track down records that before then I did not have access to in previous decades (pre-internet) The amount of digitized information available today is astounding compared to when I started doing family research back in the late 1980s. It's almost unreal how much easier it is to track down information now.
In the summer of 2019 I was performing music shows every week at Seabrook Island, SC. It's a brief drive into Charleston proper from there so one week I ventured to downtown Charleston and visited St. Phillips Episcopal Church to try and locate the grave of my Great-Great-Great-Great-Great Grandfather John Frederick Dubbert.
On that warm August day in 2019 I went to the Sexton's office to try and locate records on John Dubbert and they were able to give me his death date November 3rd 1781, and the fact he was buried in the church cemetery on November 4, 1781. However, no tombstone was recorded, but the sexton did tell me Dubbert would have been buried in the old cemetery part of the church out beside it. So I asked security to let me enter the locked gates, and a nice security guard obliged to let me take pictures of the oldest part of the cemetery. Even though there was no stone for John Frederick Dubbert, I had finally found his resting place. St. Phillips has an additional burial ground across the street, The West Cemetery which was originally for burial of transients and those who weren't members of the church. The original church was built at Broad and Meeting Streets in 1681. Then it moved to the site across from the West Cemetery in 1710 and it was a brick building, but the structure burned to the ground in 1835( 54 years after John was buried) and then the new church was constructed and completed by about 1838 beside the old yard where he is buried.
Reverend Dubbert was a staunch supporter of the British and a devoted loyalist Tory. Eventually, he lost everything he had because of his loyalty to the British Crown during the battle for the new nation of America. In fact Dubbert ended up on the run to save himself and his family from being slaughtered by Patriots who detested his very being. In the end Dubbert was a desperate refugee on the run who moved his family to the British controlled Charleston SC area to assure their safety until the war ended, or so he thought. Ultimately, Dubbert's life came to to a tragic and premature conclusion in Charleston South Carolina on the 3rd of November 1781 when he succumbed to smallpox.
An oral tradition passed down from Dubbert's daughter, Elizabeth (my G-G-G-Great Grandmother) that said Dubbert's very coffin had been carried by British soldiers. King George III and British General Lord George Cornwallis were indebted to Dubbert for assistance he afforded the British army in the Midlands of South Carolina throughout the war. In fact the British commander Lord Cornwallis in his very own correspondence gave thanks to Dubbert for aiding the British in the Dutch-Fork section(near modern day Irmo South Carolina) during November 1780.
The following are from the collection of letters of British General Cornwallis, spelling follows the original.
EXTRACT FROM LETTER FROM GENERAL CORNWALLIS TO RAWDON DATED WINNSBOROUGH, 18TH NOVEMBER 1780 (PRO 30/11/82(61))
"We are at present well off [with respect to cattle] and expect another drove from the Reverend Mr Dubber."
EXTRACT FROM COMMISSARY KNECHT TO CORNWALLIS DATED CEDAR CREEK, 24TH NOVEMBER 1780 (PRO 30/11/4(198))
"The late successes of Colonel Tarleton... I hope will check that rebel audacity which the pusilanimity of the inhabitants gave birth to. I find the rebells have obtained both money and salt, and perhaps merchandize, by overrunning the Dutch Fork! A few of them have been on Monday last within six miles of Kennerly's Mill. I was under some apprehension about the mill being rebel property and fruitlessly endeavour'd to get some militia stationed there (all the plantations near the mill being rebel property), and some of the inhabitants (not owners, for they are chiefly absonded) behav'd daringly insolent to Mr Dubber, who has ever since been upon the fret."
At that time Cornwallis and his troops were encamped in Winnsboro SC not far from Dutch Fork and Cedar Creek where Dubbert lived at the time. Cornwallis and his troops had backtracked from Charlotte after Major Patrick Ferguson's defeat at Kings Mountain on October 7, 1780. Cornwallis and his troops were tired, and in need and Dubbert gave the British much needed cattle and supplies. The irony here is the fact that only a couple months later in January 1781 the British would again suffer a major defeat at the Cowpens in modern day Cherokee County South Carolina. And Cornwallis would continue his march northward through North Carolina and ultimately to a final defeat at Yorktown Virginia nearly one year later on October 19th, 1781.
The ultimate irony of John Frederick Dubbert's support of the British during the American Revolution would become even more apparent only four generations later when his Great-Great Grandson John Henry Johnson would marry Ella Sudie Miles the Great-Great-Great-Granddaughter of Lieutenant Colonel James Steen, who had fought against Major Patrick Ferguson at Kings Mountain and against the British the entire war.
In fact in 1780 at the very time Reverend John Dubbert was giving aid to Cornwallis in the Dutch-Fork section of South Carolina near Columbia, My 6th Great Grandfather Lt. Colonel James Steen was moving with American Militia to stop Cornwallis and drive him out of the Carolinas. The tangled web my ancestors wove is simply fascinating.
And for the record I named my youngest daughter Caroline Ella after my Great Grandmother Ella Miles Johnson who descended from Colonel James Steen. The fact that the Johnson and Miles families came together generations later is another in the strange yet remarkable twists of fate that befall the human condition. Their separate ancestors had fought for different sides in an American Revolution that would determine the fate of a new country. The folly of understanding fate is hopeless when confronted with history like this.
John Frederick Dubbert was born in Switzerland or what is now Germany. Various records list his birthdate as 1739, but Mark Smith's "Lifting High The Cross, history of St. John's Church Missouri Synod" lists his birth as 1726. While German extant records list his birth as November 10, 1724 in Baumholder, Germany. And his immigration date is listed in various records as October 1747 on a ship that landed in Pennyslvania.
The following records on John Frederick Dubbert(Johann Friedrich Dauber) I obtained from extensive research from German sources(referenced at end of article)
Dauber, Johann Friedrich (1747) Baumholder 55774, Landkreis Birkenfeld, Rheinland-Pfalz
Born 10 November 1724 in Baumholder, died 3 November 1781 in SC. (buried with surname Dubbert in St. Philips Episcopal Church Cemetery, Charleston, SC), son of Johann Theobald Dauber and wife Anna Maria (brother was Johann Wilhelm).
Alternative surname spellings may be Doubber, Doubbert, Dubard, Dubbert. Family was likely with the Reformed Church. By 1781, was serving St.John's Lutheran Church in Charleston.
Dubbert spoke both German and English fluently as his work took him to German and English speaking parts of the Carolinas. When he immigrated to America he became something of a trailblazer because he was one of the early circuit riding ministers in North and South Carolina for the German Lutherans and German reformed churches.
In the 1760s Dubbert was granted several very large tracts of land in Mecklenburg County North Carolina and it was there he based himself as he traveled through North and South Carolina each week, riding thru all weather conditions and rough terrain to preach the gospel to the faithful immigrants who had also migrated to the Carolinas.
Dubbert was a young man when he immigrated to America in 1747. My research efforts estimate that he probably lived for a time in Pennsylvania and possibly Maryland until he made his way to North Carolina and finally South Carolina. He's listed in various records in North Carolina by 1758.
In Robert C. Carpenter's 1990 history of Bethel Evangelical Lutheran Church in Lincolnton North Carolina he makes the following references to Reverend John Frederick Dubbert, "The scarce records which have survived suggest that the earliest minister to the Germans of the Bethel community was German Reformed . On April 16 , 1765 , John Frederick Dubbert (also spelled Doubbert and Doubber) received a land grant for 200 acres on Beaverdam Creek North Carolina.
On Sept. 26 , 1766 , Dubbert received an additional grant for 300 acres . On July 22 , 1769 , Thomas and Anna Welch deeded 300 acres to Dubbert on the north side of Beaverdam Creek . In later records Doubber /Dubbert was referred to as Reverend and as a Minister of the Gospel.
In early Reformed church histories a Rev. DuPert (Dubbert) was mentioned as having preached to the Germans west of the Catawba River as early as 1764 . He was later mentioned as residing near " Paysour's Mill " and that he preached at a church in present Gaston County North Carolina which burned during the Revolutionary War. This Gaston County NC church was located at the gap of Pasour Mountain.
Apparently by 1778 Rev John Frederick Dubbert had removed from North Carolina to serve Reformed churches in the Camden and Fairfield Districts of South Carolina . It would appear reasonably certain that during the twelve or so years that he resided on Beaverdam Creek he served his neighbors. He probably performed baptisims , marriages, and preached funerals . He probably performed the Lord' s Supper to Lutherans and Reformed alike . Most certainly he established a church at the gap of Pasour Mountain which would be the first location of the church whose congregation became Bethel Whether Rev. John Frederick Dubbert was the most influential early religious person in the Bethel community of Lincolnton NC can not be determined. He certainly did exhibit leadership and performed a service to the community ..
One source gives us a very brief insight : " An early church. stood here and was burned down and never rebuilt." Another source stated that the church was a union Church where both Lutheran and Reformed. ministers preached . The Rev. John Frederick Dubbert lived nearby and preached there . It burned during the Revolutionary war. Mr. Augustus B. Kiser, author of the first History of Bethel Church , spoke of the first church thusly : "It was built of logs, was located on the west side of the old Dallas -Cherryville road on the first knoll north of the ' gap ' of Pasour's Mountain. "
Of particular interest are the tracts of land John Frederick Dubbert acquired in today's Catawba County. In 1767, he obtained 136 acres on Clark's Creek joining John Anderson, Peter Beers, and John Thomason. This appears to be in the area near the current Town of Maiden, North Carolina
In 1768, Dubbert acquired an additional 72 acres along Clark's Creek, and joining Nicholas Fry's corner, Barnet Stephens', Conrad Minges', George Pope's, and Matthias Barringer's line. This last property is definitely in today's Catawba County NC and is in or near the present City of Newton Matthias Barringer and George Pope requested a survey for a tract of land with a "School-House" already constructed on it in the same year, and Dubbert's land joined this tract.
In 1769. "Rev John Frederick Dubbert" purchased 300 additional acres on Beaver Dam Creek, which is further evidence that he was recognized as a Pastor by the legal system, and there remains no question that he was an affluent resident, as by that time, he owned about 1200 acres of land, and none was sold for some time. But where did Dubbert live Most of the time? The Colonial Record states that "Richard Du Pert" lived near Paysouer's Mill, which was on Beaver Dam Creek, and a later land transaction describes "Duppert's old improvement" at that location. Yet another deed from "John Frederick Dubbers of S. C. of the Distrift of Camden, Minister of the Gospel," was made to speculator John Beeman of Rowan County. This land later was sold by Beeman, and the deed included "the improvements." suggesting a structure of some kind at this location also.
Dubbert was shrewd in his land acquisitions. At the time of his "claims," there were five verifiable German-speaking local assembly buildings west of the Catawba River — the meeting house at Paysour's Mountain, the "School House" west of current Lincolnton North Carolina, the Barringer/Pope "School House" near current Newton NC, the meeting house in Killian's settlement, and at Adam Kastner's in today's Gaston County, North Carolina.
Dubbert's ministry is not known to have been preserved through the writings of himself or others; However Dubbert's land on Clark's Creek certainly offered the convenient opportunity for his preaching and teaching in the school house owned by Barringer and Pope. A second early School Master might have been George Hefner, who owned land from 1768 through 1770 near current Maiden, next to Frederick Markle and John Alexander, and not far from Dubbert.
By December of 1772, Dubbert moved to South Carolina, and by 1773. he had purchased another plantation.
For the next few years, there were ample civil records to prove that Dubbert had moved south, as he witnessed several deeds and wills in the area of Cedar Creek, South Carolina and was included on a Jury List between the Broad and the Catawba Rivers.
Various South Carolina church histories offer many conflicts as to which pastors were serving congregations at Cedar Creek (St. Paul), and Cedar Creek (Appii Forum). The names most often seen are Lutheran John Nicolaus Martin, Lutheran John George Friedrichs. and Reformed William Dubard. (which I believe was John Frederick Dubbert)
These names and dates are certainly arguable, and some appear impossible, when compared to civil records. Martin owned land in up-country South Carolina a few miles away from Dubbert's later residence as early as 1762. and alternated between Charleston and the backcountry for many years.
The Pastor named "Dubard" in all the records I have researched and in these various church histories and records of churches in North and South Carolina was undoubtedly John Frederick Dubbert, probably serving the Reformed congregations, a minority group, or other churches entirely.
The listing for William Dubard serving Appii Forum until 1791 is impossible, as John Frederick Dubbert was dead by then, and a William Dubard (his son) did not move back until after the 1790 Census. That is for certain.
John Frederick Dubbert is most definitely the the Rev "Dubard" who is often credited with organizing the Dutch Forks area Appi Forum Church on Cedar Creek in Fairfield County South Carolina. I visited this church in 2015 and went thru every grave in the graveyard. The name Dubbert had been changed to Dubard on all those graves. How that happened I don't know but it did. But through my 30 years of doing this type research I have found that some surnames were even spelled differently by offspring of the same parents. A case from this same line is that of John Frederick Dubbert's daughter Elizabeth Dubbert who married John Jacob Scroter in Charleston South Carolina in 1800. John Scroter & wife Elizabeth Dubbert had kids and those kids changed the spelling of Scroter to Streeter(hence Elizabeth's daughter Charlotte Felistia Streeter Campbell who removed to Chesterfield County South Carolina when she married Thomas Alexander(Sandy) Campbell. (Elizabeth Streeter Campbell's gravestone is the one above pictured in this article)
It was during his tenure in the Dutch Forks that Dubbert disposed of the Savannah River property obtained in 1761. He also sold portions of his North Carolina plantations; thereby, confirming him as one and the same person. By 1781, John Frederick Dubbert was serving the congregation of St. John's-Charleston, while the city was under British occupation. Pastor Martin, who was forced to flee inland rather than condescend to pray for the British soldiers, was replaced by Rev. Frederick Dubbert. The records of St. John's-Charleston are unclear regarding Dubbert’s service, and there is no evidence that a formal call had been issued. in early 1781 Dubbert's family was driven from their home near the Dutch Fork(near modern day Irmo, SC), as the activities of the Revolutionary War escalated through the inland areas of South Carolina. Although he was too old to be drafted into the military, Dubbert did assist British troops as a loyalist and this got him in a heap of trouble with Patriots in South Carolina who were fighting for a free America. Historians believe The British probably preferred Dubbert over Pastor Martin. Regardless of what historians say there is proof Dubbert helped the British cause and whether he did it for religious convictions or personal reasons he most certainly was disliked by many of the American Patriot cause.
While serving the St. John's congregation in British controlled Charleston, South Carolina, John Frederick "Dubbert" in late October 1781 contracted and then died of smallpox on November 3, 1781, and was buried the next day, November 4 1781 in the cemetery of St. John's-Charleston. Presumably, Lutheran Pastor Frederick Dawser officiated his funeral, and entered the respectful title of "V. D. M." after his name in the Church's funeral records. I witnessed this myself when checking the sexton's records. In September of 1782. Dawser appeared in a South Carolina court with Dubbert's will. From this, it is clear that Dawser recognized him as a respected colleague of the cloth, and "a friend" as stated on legal papers.
As the Charleston congregations seemed very conservative in selection of pastors, and heavily relied on those educated in Germany, Dubbert's brief period of service to that congregation was quite an accomplishment, and adds great credibility to his reputation as a Pastor nearing the end of his career — even under the circumstances of war.
As I briefly mentioned earlier in the article, some members of the family on Cedar Creek changed their name from Dubbert to Dubard by the year 1800. Whether Dubbert organized a congregation at Appii Forum is still debatable, due to Martin's presence; however, Dubbert and Martin both could have been preaching there.
In 1786, John Frederick Dubbert's daughter. Catherine "Dubbert." married Carl Gross at St. John's-Charleston and in 1800, in Charleston South Carolina, Lutheran Pastor Faber officiated the marriage of Dubbert's youngest daughter. Elizabeth, to John Jacob Scroter(Steeter). John and Elizabeth Dubbert Scroter(Steeter) are my Great-Great-Great-Great Grandparents
This plus Dubbert's Lutheran funeral adds more proof to his denominational affiliation. In 1792, his son, William "Dubard, from Charleston," married Elizabeth Hamiter, and returned to the Cedar Creek property in central South Carolina.
By 1795, Dubbert's estate was represented by his son, Philip "Dubert," on behalf of himself and his brothers, Godfrey and Frederick, as the latter two still lived in the Charleston area. The nine hundred acre plantation on Beaver Dam Creek was sold to a later Reformed pastor, Andrew Lorentz.
John Frederick Dubbert was one of the very first resident pastors west of the Catawba River and one who died in service to one of the largest German Churches in the South in 1781.
The family and neighborhood associations of John Frederick Dubbert during his career suggest his religious belief as Anabaptist, then Reformed, and finally- Lutheran. Although none of us may never know all the affiliations for absolute sure unless more documentation comes forth that I have not yet been able to discover.
From all accounts it seems that John Frederick Dubbert was a man of God who followed his faith, shared it in the tradition of the Great Commission from the Biblical book of Matthew, and did his best to follow the tenets of the Almighty God we all serve. I can't question Dubbert's reasons for siding with the British in the American Revolution, because it was a different time and men lived under different circumstances and pressures. The American Revolution was a war that pitted father against son, brother against brother and many didn't really side with anyone, because they didn't want war. It is not up to us in the present to pretend to be moral absolutists and iconoclastic about events and people of the past. We have all sinned and come short of the Glory of God. We must filter our lens of the past through the situations and times in which those people found themselves. Yes our ancestors of the past were fallible, as are we all then and now. As for John Frederick Dubbert, I am proud he is my direct ancestor because he lived by the axiom, "As for me and my house, we will serve the Lord"
Dallas Reese August 30, 2020
Additional sources: SC Synod History, pp. 81. 141-142. 793. The portion which references the "Weberites" is cited from Edwin L. Green. A History of Richland County. (Columbia: The R. L. Bryan Co., 1932), p. 125.
Sprague, Annals, pp. 35-37. describes Rev. Martin's problems with the British.
Probate Records of South Carolina, microfilm SC.C/C.3/MFm 96, p. 5 1 . Brent H. Holcomb and Elmer O. Parker, Camden District S. C. Wills and Administrations. 1 781-1 787, (Southern Historical Press, Easley, SC: 1978). p. 61.
Family History Dubbert/Dauber/Dubard ancestors in Richland & Fairfield counties, SC
Holcombe, S. C Deed Abstracts. 1 773-1 778, p. 72, cited above. McAllister & Williams. LCCP&Q, cited above. LCRD 17:402. 77. Howe. 1:722, states that "John Frederick Dubbert " died of smallpox in Charleston near the end of the Revolution. No estate records were located for a William or John Frederick Dubard during this era. D. E. Huger Smith and A S. Salley. fr.. Register of St. Philips Parish, Charles Town, or Charleston. S. C, 1 754-1810, (VSC Press. Columbia: 1971). p. 348. confirms the burial date, and describes "Dubbert" as "a refugee Clergyman." St. John's Lutheran Church, Charleston. Church Register, p. 239, microfilm seen at Old Salem Archives. These records are in German script, and the name could be found only upon his death, but there could be other entries that were not recognized with the name listed as Frederick Dubbert.
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South Carolina Historical Society-Charleston SC
South Carolina State Archives-Columbia SC
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THE HISTORY OF BETHEL EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN CHURCH BY ROBERT C. CARPENTER Written and Published For BETHEL EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN CHURCH CELEBRATION COMMITTEE
c 1990